I posted an Amazon review of Moshe Koppel’s Judaism Straight Up. He contrasts two quasi-fictional characters. One is an Orthodox Jewish Holocaust survivor, Shimen, who is loyal to the community that follows his traditions. The other is a Baby Boomer, Heidi, who feels free to discard traditions. Heidi tries to be a universalist, while Shimen is a particularist. The question of particularism vs. universalism is a major source of tension for many modern Jews.
This provoked me to think about the topic of loyalty.
1. I don’t think that people can live for long without any loyalties. Koppel sees Heidi’s world view as “doomed,” and one way to describe this is that it will fail for lack of loyalties.
2. Loyalty means giving preferential treatment. If I am loyal to you, then when you say “jump” I ask “how high?” When someone else says “jump” I ask “why?” If I am loyal to you, I will give you a gift neither as charity nor because I expect something in return. If I am loyal to you, I will do something unpleasant for you that I would not do for someone else.
3. Loyalty can be misplaced or excessive. It is not always for the best.
4. It is most natural for loyalty to be strongest in our immediate world. Most loyal to your mate and to your children. Beyond that, to your siblings and to your parents. Then to your friends. Then beyond your friends to others in your community. In the army, most loyal to your buddies. Then to the platoon as a whole. Then to the regiment. Then to the service (“beat Navy!”). Finally to the country.
5. In a prehistoric hunter-gatherer band, there would be little need for loyalty beyond the immediate group. If you are only loyal to your band, that is sufficient.
6. A complex society requires some degree of loyalty at scale. Religions helped inspire this. So do other institutions and rituals.
7. Heidi wants to avoid treating anyone preferentially. But that would mean having no loyalty. Or being loyal in a very abstract sense, to principles. There is something to be said for this stance, if it could only work.
8. Your judgment about loyalty is probably much better in your immediate world than in the remote world. I can pick out an admirable person among the people I know with greater accuracy than I can among politicians or celebrities.
9. The world of smart phones and Internet may lead me to believe that I know enough about people in the remote world to be able to rely on my judgment of them. That could produce some very poor choices of loyalty.
10. It looks as though the social justice movement is very hung up on loyalty. In Koppel’s book, Heidi’s daughter becomes devoted to social justice, which means that she wants to give preferential treatment to people she classifies as oppressed and to people who agree with the daughter about political beliefs. So loyalty is coming back, but it is not Shimen’s loyalty to a community that he knows that shares his traditions.